前言

为解决的问题:

为何冬天比夏天干?夏天的水汽含量是冬天的多少倍?

冬天,华南地区(如广州)比武汉地区水汽含量多多少倍?

1. 水汽压ee

干空气与水汽的相对分子质量,分别用符号RdR_dRvR_v来表示(下标d_d表示dry,v_v表示water)。

根据高中化学可知,Md=28.97g/mol,Mv=18g/molM_d = 28.97 g/mol, M_v = 18 g/mol。带入上述公式,可得

  • 对于干空气,Rd=R*/Md=8.314/28.97=0.287(J·g1K1)R_d = R^* / M_d = 8.314 / 28.97 = 0.287\;(J ·g^{-1}K^{-1})

  • 对于水汽,Rv=R*/Mv=8.314/18=0.4615(J·g1K1)R_v = R^* / M_v = 8.314 / 18 = 0.4615 \;(J ·g^{-1}K^{-1})

    $$ \epsilon = \frac{R_d}{R_v} = \frac{M_v}{M_d} ≈ 0.622 \\ \frac{R_v}{R_d} = \frac{1}{\epsilon} ≈ 1.608 $$

Rv=1ϵRd R_v = \frac{1}{\epsilon} R_d


$$ \rho_v = \frac{e}{R_v T} = \frac{\epsilon e}{R_d T} \\ $$

$$ \rho_d = \frac{p - e}{R_d T} \\ $$

ρ=ρd+ρv=peRdT+eRvT=peRdT+ϵeRdT=p(1ϵ)eRdT=pRdT(10.378ep) \begin{align} \rho &= \rho_d + \rho_v \\ &= \frac{p - e}{R_d T} + \frac{e}{R_v T} \\ &= \frac{p - e}{R_d T} + \frac{\epsilon e}{R_d T} \\ &= \frac{p - (1 - \epsilon)e }{R_d T} \\ &= \frac{p}{R_d T} (1 - 0.378 \frac{ e }{p}) \end{align}


2. 水汽压ee,与比湿qq

2.1. 已知ee,求qq

q=ρvρd+ρv=ϵepe+ϵe=ϵep(1ϵ)e \begin{align} q &= \frac{\rho_v}{\rho_d + \rho_v} \\ &= \frac{\epsilon e}{p - e + \epsilon e} \\ &= \frac{\epsilon e}{p - (1 - \epsilon)e} \end{align}

2.2. 已知qq,求ee

$$ qp = (1 - \epsilon ) e q + \epsilon e \\ e = \frac{qp}{ \epsilon + (1 - \epsilon) q } $$

转化的意义: - 已知饱和水汽压,求饱和比湿q - 已知相对湿度,求比湿(回答为何冬天干)


3. 水汽压ee,与混合比ww

3.1. 已知ee,求ww

w=ρvρd=ϵepe \begin{align} w &= \frac{\rho_v}{\rho_d } \\ &= \frac{\epsilon e}{p - e} \\ \end{align}

3.2. 已知ww,求ee

$$ wp = we + \epsilon e \\ e = \frac{w p}{w + \epsilon} $$


4. 水汽压ee,与水汽密度ρv\rho_v的转换

4.1. 简化版

eP=ρvρRvR,(RdR)ρvϵρ \begin{align} \frac{e}{P} &= \frac{\rho_v}{\rho} \frac{R_v}{R}, (R_d ≈ R) \\ &≈ \frac{\rho_v}{\epsilon \rho} \end{align}

ρv=ϵρeP \rho_v = \epsilon \rho \frac{e}{P}

4.2. 完整版

$$ \frac{e}{P - e} = \frac{\rho_v}{\rho_d} \frac{R_v}{R_d} \\ \frac{e}{P - e} = \frac{\rho_v}{\epsilon \rho_d} $$

$$ \frac{e}{P} = \frac{\rho_v}{\epsilon \rho_d + \rho_v} \\ $$

ρv=ϵρdePe \rho_v = \epsilon \rho_d \frac{e}{P - e}